Abstract: As a key objective of the rural revitalization strategy, achieving the modernization of agriculture and rural areas is essential for determining the common prosperity and socialist modernization of ethnic regions. Using the PEEST model framework and focusing on the development of 83 ethnic autonomous regions and areas in China as a case study, this research employs the Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) method to examine the interactive effects and pathways of political, economic, environmental, social, and technological factors on the modernization of agriculture and rural areas in these regions. The findings reveal five distinct paths for the development of agricultural and rural modernization in ethnic regions: “Development under organizational guidance with blood transfusion,” “Development with policy and technological support to protect the ecological environment,” “Development with policy and technological support to improve infrastructure,” “Coordinated development driven by ecological environment protection and infrastructure improvement,” “Development driven by technological innovation and reform”. Furthermore, political and technological factors play critical roles in driving the development of agricultural and rural modernization in ethnic regions. By systematically summarizing the various development paths of agricultural and rural modernization in these regions, this study provides valuable insights into improving the economic modernization of ethnic areas and offers policy recommendations for promoting rural revitalization and common prosperity, tailored to the specific development conditions ethnic regions.