Abstract: Agricultural green development is a necessary means to ensure national food security and promote rural modernization. Constructing a suitable evaluation indicator system and conducting spatiotemporal assessments in different regions can facilitate the advancement of agricultural green development in China. This paper establishes an evaluation system for agricultural green development, consisting of four dimensions: green production environment, agricultural production input, green production methods, and agricultural green output, with a total of 21 indicators. Data from various provinces for the years 2012 to 2021 were collected, and the entropy value-TOPSIS method was used to measure the level of agricultural green development at the national and provincial levels. The results indicate that: (1) In recent years, China’s agricultural green development has been on the rise, with higher scores for the green production environment and green production methods, while agricultural production input and the growth rate of agricultural green output are also increasing; (2) There are still significant disparities in the levels of agricultural green development among different regions and in the scores of various secondary indicators. Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, and Ningxia are among the leading provinces in agricultural green development; (3) Through cluster analysis, the 31 provinces are categorized into five types: green and efficient, green improvement, resource-dependent, green development, and low-efficiency output. Provinces within the same category exhibit regional clustering characteristics. To accelerate the promotion of agricultural green development in China, measures such as fostering the cultivation of new agricultural entities, establishing cross-industry ecological compensation mechanisms, and advancing practical agricultural production technology innovation should be implemented.