Abstract: With the persistent high carbon emissions in the aviation industry and the decarbonization of other sectors, the proportion of carbon emissions from aviation is expected to increase significantly. Hydrogen, as a clean energy source, holds immense potential in the aviation sector and is considered one of the key technologies for achieving low-carbon targets. This review provides an overview of the current state of hydrogen applications in aviation propulsion, including key technological advancements in hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen turbines, and hydrogen internal combustion engines. Furthermore, the review addresses challenges and solutions related to hydrogen fuel storage technologies in aviation, such as high-temperature gaseous hydrogen, cryogenic liquid hydrogen, and metal hydrides. It also explores the construction of hydrogen infrastructure at airports and the safety challenges posed by hydrogen’s flammability, diffusivity, and propensity for hydrogen embrittlement. The international research outcomes and experiences in hydrogen safety are also discussed.With technological advancements and cost reductions, hydrogen is expected to be widely adopted in the aviation industry, driving the sector towards a low-carbon transition.